http://vancouversun.com/business/lo...on-farming-concerns-over-diseases-on-bc-coast
It was a star-studded launch.
B.C.-based biologist Alexandra Morton was elbow-to-elbow with Pamela Anderson of Baywatch fame and environmentalist and broadcaster David Suzuki for the announcement of “Operation Virus Hunt” targeting salmon farms on the B.C. coast this summer.
Morton was leaving on a sailboat named the Martin Sheen (after the actor), owned by the controversial Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, which has used tactics such as ramming ships to draw attention to their opposition to whaling.
On the trip along the B.C. coast, which is still underway, the idea is to draw attention to concerns that diseases from farmed Atlantic salmon harm wild salmon stocks.
Morton, who has published in
scientific journals and is an opponent of ocean-based salmon farming, is making up-close observations of the farms and collecting mussels to determine the extent that piscine reovirus (PRV), linked to heart lesions in salmon from heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), is prevalent in the marine environment.
The trip received an immediate and strong response from the salmon farming industry, which said Anderson was making false statements and called the exercise a publicity stunt.
“It’s important to differentiate between advocacy and research,” says Jeremy Dunn, a spokesman for the B.C. Salmon Farmers Association.
Reaction also came from the Tlatlasikwala and Tlowitsis First Nations, which have salmon farms on their territory. They issued statements saying Morton was not welcome.
“We recognize that some people are opposed to fish farming, even though their arguments don’t hold water,” said Tlowitsis chief John Smith.
If nothing else, the dust-up showed there continues to be an intense debate over the potential effect salmon farms have on declining salmon stocks.
The viewpoints can be widely disparate.
Environmentalists, and some First Nations, see the more than 100 salmon farms on the coast as disease factories leaking harmful viruses, bacteria and sea lice into the ocean to the detriment of wild salmon.
The industry, and the First Nations that partner with them, say they run tight operations that do not pose a danger to wild salmon. They also point to the economic importance of the industry and the jobs it provides, many of them in remote communities.
This ongoing debate is why increased scientific knowledge is so important. And that is where there may be a glimmer hope.
In 2013, the Pacific Salmon Foundation, Genome B.C. and the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans launched a major research project to investigate the high mortality rate of juvenile salmon during early ocean migration, including the effect from salmon farms.
“There really hasn’t been strong, credible science out there to answer that question: What is the impact, and what kind of pathogens do we need to worry about in terms of transmission potential for aquaculture and wild fish,” said Kristi Miller-Saunders, head of the molecular genetics research program in the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
After spending the first phase of the project collecting 26,000 samples from wild, hatchery and farmed salmon, the research program has began testing the samples for 45 different microbes that are known to or could potentially cause diseases in salmon.
Scientists are using a novel technique that allows 96 samples to be tested for all 45 microbes at the same time, vastly speeding up the process and allowing many more samples to be processed.
The testing is still expected to take three years.
Already, the testing has led to the
discovery of HSMI at Norway-based Cermaq’s Venture Point salmon farm, although a definitive link to PRV has not been established in research in British Columbia.
The search for answers is complicated by general scientific consensus — and a conclusion of the 2012 inquiry led by Justice Bruce Cohen into declines of Fraser River sockeye — that there are likely multiple stressors affecting salmon in rivers and the ocean, including warming waters from climate change.
On Tuesday, Fisheries Minister Dominic LeBlanc will make an announcement in Vancouver “regarding Fisheries and Oceans’ past and future work in implementing the Cohen recommendations” said a press release.
The work led by Miller-Saunders is part of a larger effort that includes other research at the
University of B.C.,
Simon Fraser University and the
Pacific Salmon Foundation aimed at pinpointing why salmon runs are declining.
“Where the research community needs to make the biggest difference is finding ways of putting different factors together and understanding whether or not factors are cumulative or synergistic or multiplicative — how they work together,” said Miller-Saunders.
At least in this — that more research could provide much-needed answers — industry, environmentalists and First Nations agree. But they do not agree what should happen while the research is being carried out.
Following a two-day strategy session last spring attended by representatives from more than 50 B.C. First Nations, the First Nation Wild Salmon Alliance recommended that all salmon farm licences remain restricted to one year until there is substantive evidence that farms do not put wild fish and ocean habitat at risk.
However, two months later, the federal government issued six-year licences to salmon farms except in the Discovery Islands region, which has more than 20 farms.
Cohen had singled out the Discovery Islands region in his recommendations, saying that if the Department of Fisheries and Oceans could not prove with research there was minimal risk to wild salmon from salmon farms by 2020, the farms should be removed.
The Discovery Islands are a grouping of islands east of Vancouver Island near Campbell River which include Quadra and Cortes.
Kwikwasut’inuxw Haxwa’mis First Nation chief Bob Chamberlin, who helped found the Wild Salmon Alliance, said that for First Nations, the protection of wild salmon is paramount. “It is salmon that weaves our people together, from the coast to the Interior of the province.”
Chamberlin says the freeze on expansion of salmon farms in the Discovery Islands region recommended by Cohen should be expanded provincewide because there are still too many gaps in the science.
The Namgis First Nation on Vancouver Island have advocated a similar cautious approach.
They have set up a land-based salmon farm — with the help of environmental groups such as Tides Canada — because of their concern over the potential harm from ocean salmon farms. The Wild Salmon Alliance also recommended this spring that all farms be moved to land, something the industry says is not economically viable.
“It is better to err on the side of caution than wipe out our wild salmon while we make assumptions based on lack of data and studies,” says Namgis chief Debra Hanuse.
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